As much as 40 percent of passive components on a surface-mount product are chip capacitors. The miniaturization of these devices is critical for reducing the size and weight of electronic products. For handheld electronics (such as cell-phones, PDAs, and pagers), common capacitor sizes are from 0603 down to 0402 and 0201.
Some diodes and all active devices come in a wide variety of peripheral lead and area-array packages. The diodes and transistors are typically used in small-outline (SO) packages; they are the smalloutline diode (SOD) and small-outline transistor (SOT) packages. The package body is a plastic overmolding compound. There are two leads for the SOD and three for the SOT. The leads are very robust, have a gull-wing shape, and are formed from Cu or an Fe-based alloy. Larger active devices require more I/Os. These devices use the small-outline integrated circuit (SOIC) package with gullwing leads protruding from the two sides of the long dimension. The gull-wing leads are very robust with a pitch of 1.27 mm (50 mils) or 0.635 mm (20 mils). Pitch is the distance between the centerlines of two neighboring leads.
Various types of Diodes, we can source.
Types of Diodes
Rectifier diodes are semiconductor devices that convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), allowing current to flow in only one direction. They’re crucial in power supplies, battery chargers, and various electronic systems
Zener diodes are specialized semiconductor devices that allow current to flow not only from their anode to cathode but also in the reverse direction when a certain voltage, known as the Zener voltage, is reached. They’re primarily used for voltage regulation in electronic circuits, protecting against overvoltage conditions by clamping the voltage to a stable, predetermined level.
Laser diodes are semiconductor devices that produce coherent light through stimulated emission. They are widely used in various applications, including telecommunications, barcode scanning, and as sources in laser printers and pointers.
PIN diodes are a type of semiconductor device with a central intrinsic (I) layer sandwiched between a p-type and an n-type semiconductor. This structure allows the PIN diode to function efficiently as a switch or attenuator at high frequencies, and it is also used in RF and microwave applications. The intrinsic layer increases the device’s carrier lifetime, enhancing performance in these applications.
A PN junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. This junction is fundamental in electronics, creating a depletion zone where no charge carriers are present. It allows current to flow more easily in one direction than the other, making it the basis for diodes and various other semiconductor devices. The behavior of the PN junction is key to understanding how electronic components like diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits function.
Recovery diodes are specialized semiconductor devices designed to swiftly return to a non-conductive state after conducting current. They’re essential in circuits that switch between states rapidly, such as in power electronics and switching power supplies, ensuring minimal energy loss and high efficiency during the transition periods. The key parameter for these diodes is their “recovery time,” which indicates how quickly they can cease conducting after being forward-biased.
Shockley diodes are four-layer (PNPN) semiconductor devices that can act as switches, capable of turning on and off rapidly. They are primarily used in control circuits and for switching applications. Named after William Shockley, one of the inventors of the transistor, these diodes are notable for their ability to handle high currents and voltages, making them suitable for a range of electronic applications.
Schottky diodes use the potential barrier formed by the contact between metal and semiconductor to control the current. Its main characteristics are that it has a low forward voltage drop (0.3~0.6V) and multiple electrons participate in conduction.Â
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current passes through them. They’re highly efficient, produce little heat, and have a long lifespan, making them popular in a wide range of applications from general lighting to electronic displays and indicator lights. LEDs are available in various colors and sizes, depending on the semiconductor material and design used.
Photodiodes are semiconductor devices that convert light into electrical current. They operate by absorbing photons, which then generate charge carriers (electrons and holes) within the device, creating a current flow. Photodiodes are used in various applications, including light sensors, optical communications, and solar cells, due to their sensitivity to light and fast response times.
Varactor diodes, also known as varicap diodes, are semiconductor devices that act as variable capacitors with voltage-controlled capacitance. Primarily used in tuning circuits, such as those in TV tuners and RF filters, their capacitance changes with the applied reverse bias voltage, allowing for adjustable resonant frequency in LC circuits. They’re essential for frequency modulation and phase-locked loops in communication systems.
Tunnel diodes, also known as Esaki diodes after their inventor Leo Esaki, are a type of semiconductor device that exhibits negative resistance due to quantum tunneling. This allows the diode to operate at very high speeds and in very high-frequency applications, such as oscillators and amplifiers. Unlike regular diodes, tunnel diodes can conduct in the reverse direction when a certain voltage threshold is crossed, making them unique and valuable in certain electronic circuits.
Backward diodes are similar to Zener diodes but optimized to operate in the reverse breakdown region with a very low forward voltage drop. They conduct more readily in the reverse direction than forward, making them useful in applications like detectors, mixers, and waveform shaping, where precise control of small signals is required. Their unique characteristic allows for efficient signal processing at low voltages.
A Transient Voltage Suppressor (TVS) diode is a protective device designed to shield electronic circuits from brief overvoltage events, such as power surges or electrostatic discharges. It works by clamping voltage to a safe level that the circuit can withstand, preventing potential damage. TVS diodes are fast-acting and can handle large transient power spikes, making them crucial for protecting sensitive components in various electronic applications.
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